Policy Analysis:

Cost-Effectiveness of Health System and State-Level Strategies to Improve Diet and Reduce Cardiometabolic Diseases

Overview

In this project’s previous grant period, we  used national and state microsimulation modeling, cost-effectiveness analysis, legal and policy analyses, and real-choice experiments to elucidate the health, equity, and cost impacts of specific nutrition-related policies for reducing cardiometabolic diseases (CMD). Our work has identified among the most promising interventions to be Food is Medicine (FIM) strategies: incorporation of food-based nutritional interventions into healthcare to improve food and nutrition security, treat disease, and reduce health disparities. Such programs include medically tailored meals or produce prescriptions for patients with specific disease conditions, complemented by nutrition and culinary education, and often focused on populations with adverse social determinants of health (SDOH) from low-income or racial/ethnic minority backgrounds. Yet, critical questions remain, each identified and crystalized by our findings and interactions in the prior project period with key stakeholders such as healthcare sector leaders; government officials; patients, doctors, and other care providers; and FIM non-profit providers and private sector entrepreneurs. This new project will leverage the deep learnings and networks established in our prior project period to address its key aims. 

Project Aims

Aim One

To estimate the health, equity, and cost impacts of varying FIM program design options;

Aim Two

To assess intersections of FIM with other levels of healthcare interventions including (a)
coordinated food insecurity screening and SNAP enrollment; and (b) new clinical drug treatments;

Aim Three

To investigate administrative and legal feasibility of pathw;ys for scaling FIM;

Aim Four

To disseminate top findings to relevant scientific, healthcare, legislative, agency, and
advocacy stakeholders.

Project Details

Principal investigator

Dariush Mozaffarian
Director, Food is Medicine Institute, Distinguished Professor, Jean Mayer Professor of Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy

TUFTS Team

Sean Cash
Bergstrom Foundation Professor in Global Nutrition, Food is Medicine Institute, Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy

Fred Cudhea
Biostatistician, Food is Medicine Institute, Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy

Shuyue (Amy) Deng

PhD Candidate, Food is Medicine Institute, Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy

Julia Reedy Sharib
Senior Research Coordinator, Manager of Communications, Food is Medicine Institute, Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy

Lu Wang
Research Assistant Professor, Food is Medicine Institute, Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy

CONTACT PROJECT TEAM

John B. Wong
Interim Chief Scientific Officer, Tufts Medical Center, Food is Medicine Institute, Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy

Collaborators

Katie Garfield
Clinical Instructor, Center for Health Law and Policy Innovation of Harvard Law School

Kurt Hager
Instructor, Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School

David D. Kim
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division and the College, The University of Chicago

Jennifer Pomeranz
Assistant Professor of Public Health Policy and Management, NYU School of Global Public Health

Funder

NIH R01 Grant

Timeline

2019 – 2024 

Publications

Sort By

  • Date
  • Title

Dariush Mozaffarian; Plant-Based Diets and Diabetes Risk: Which Foods, What Mechanisms?. Diabetes Care 19 April 2024; 47 (5): 787–789. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci24-0011

Landauer R, Seligman H, Pomeranz JL, Hager K, Mozaffarian D. Is that Hospital Food Pantry an Illegal Patient Inducement? Analysis of Health Care Fraud Laws as Barriers to Food and Nutrition Security Interventions. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2023;51(4):889-899. doi:10.1017/jme.2023.164

Mozaffarian D, Aspry KE, Garfield K, Kris-Etherton P, Seligman H, Velarde GP, Williams K, Yang E; ACC Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Section Nutrition and Lifestyle Working Group and Disparities of Care Working Group. “Food Is Medicine” Strategies for Nutrition Security and Cardiometabolic Health Equity: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024 Feb 27;83(8):843-864. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.12.023. PMID: 38383100.

Erika Hanson, Daniel Albert-Rozenberg, Kathryn M Garfield, Emily Broad Leib, Ronit A Ridberg, Kurt Hager, Dariush Mozaffarian, The evolution and scope of Medicaid Section 1115 demonstrations to address nutrition: a US survey, Health Affairs Scholar, Volume 2, Issue 2, February 2024, qxae013, doi: 10.1093/haschl/qxae013

Pomeranz JL, Mande JR, Mozaffarian D. U.S. Policies Addressing Ultraprocessed Foods, 1980-2022. Am J Prev Med. 2023 Dec;65(6):1134-1141. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.07.006. Epub 2023 Jul 13. PMID: 37451324; PMCID: PMC10787032.

Kim DD, Wang L, Lauren BN, Liu J, Marklund M, Lee Y, Micha R, Mozaffarian D, Wong JB. Development and Validation of the US Diabetes, Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease Microsimulation (DOC-M) Model: Health Disparity and Economic Impact Model. Med Decis Making. 2023 Oct 16:272989X231196916. doi: 10.1177/0272989X231196916. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37842820.

de Oliveira Otto MC, Wu JHY, Thacker EL, Lai HTM, Lemaitre RN, Padhye N, Song X, King IB, Lopez O, Siscovick DS, Mozaffarian D. Circulating Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids, Cognitive Decline, and Dementia in Older Adults. J Alzheimers Dis. 2023;95(3):965-979. doi: 10.3233/JAD-230083. PMID: 37638432; PMCID: PMC10765383.

Liu J, Steele EM, Li Y, Yi SS, Monteiro CA, Mozaffarian D. Consumption of Ultraprocessed Foods and Body Fat Distribution Among U.S. Adults. Am J Prev Med. 2023 Sep;65(3):427-438. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.03.012. Epub 2023 Mar 21. PMID: 36944386; PMCID: PMC10440250.

Wang L, Cohen JF, Maroney M, Cudhea F, Hill A, Schwartz C, Lurie P, Mozaffarian D. Evaluation of health and economic effects of United States school meal standards consistent with the 2020-2025 dietary guidelines for Americans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023 Sep;118(3):605-613. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.05.031. Epub 2023 Jul 30. PMID: 37527964; PMCID: PMC10550836.

Hager K, Du M, Li Z, Mozaffarian D, Chui K, Shi P, Ling B, Cash SB, Folta SC, Zhang FF. Impact of Produce Prescriptions on Diet, Food Security, and Cardiometabolic Health Outcomes: A Multisite Evaluation of 9 Produce Prescription Programs in the United States. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2023 Aug 29:e009520. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.122.009520. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37641928.

Mozaffarian D. Identifying nutritional priorities for global health: time for a more PURE focus on protective foods. Eur Heart J. 2023 Jul 21;44(28):2580-2582. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad325. PMID: 37414412; PMCID: PMC10361008.

Wang L, Lauren BN, Hager K, Zhang FF, Wong JB, Kim DD, Mozaffarian D. Health and Economic Impacts of Implementing Produce Prescription Programs for Diabetes in the United States: A Microsimulation Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023 Jul 7:e029215. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.122.029215.

Pomeranz JL, Cash SB, Mozaffarian D. US Policies That Define Foods for Junk Food Taxes, 1991-2021. Milbank Q. 2023 Jun;101(2):560-600. doi: 10.1111/1468-0009.12652. Epub 2023 Apr 26. PMID: 37101340; PMCID: PMC10262384.

Hager K, Shi P, Li Z, Chui K, Berkowitz SA, Mozaffarian D, Chhabra J, Wilken J, Vergara C, Becker E, Small S, Ling B, Cash SB, Folta SC, Zhang FF. Evaluation of a Produce Prescription Program for Patients With Diabetes: A Longitudinal Analysis of Glycemic Control. Diabetes Care. 2023 Jun 1;46(6):1169-1176. doi: 10.2337/dc22-1645. PMID: 36812470; PMCID: PMC10234740.

Wang M, Li XS, Wang Z, et al. Trimethylamine N-oxide is associated with long-term mortality risk: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. European Heart Journal 2023.

Menichetti G, Ravandi B, Mozaffarian D, Barabási AL. Machine learning prediction of the degree of food processing. Nat Commun. 2023 Apr 21;14(1):2312. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37457-1. PMID: 37085506; PMCID: PMC10121643.

O’Hearn M, Erndt-Marino J, Gerber S, Lauren BN, Economos C, Wong JB, Blumberg JB, Mozaffarian D. Validation of Food Compass with a healthy diet, cardiometabolic health, and mortality among U.S. adults, 1999-2018. Nat Commun. 2022 Nov 22;13(1):7066. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34195-8. PMID: 36414619; PMCID: PMC9681774.

Pomeranz JL, Mozaffarian D. Food Marketing to – and Research on – Children: New Directions for Regulation in the United States. J Law Med Ethics. 2022;50(3):542-550. doi: 10.1017/jme.2022.92. PMID: 36398649.

de Oliveira Otto MC, Li XS, Wang Z, et al. Longitudinal Associations of Plasma TMAO and Related Metabolites with Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2022;89:1439-52.

Mozaffarian, D., Blanck, H.M., Garfield, K.M. et al. A Food is Medicine approach to achieve nutrition security and improve health. Nat Med. 2022 Oct 6. doi: org/10.1038/s41591-022-02027-3.

Wang M, Wang Z, Lee Y, et al. Dietary Meat, Trimethylamine N-Oxide-Related Metabolites, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease Among Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2022;42:e273-e88.

Mozaffarian D. Implications of the New Recommendation on Behavioral Counseling Interventions to Promote Healthy Eating and Physical Activity. JAMA. 2022 Jul 26;328(4):334-335. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.10801. PMID: 35881139.

O’Hearn M, Lauren BN, Wong JB, Kim DD, Mozaffarian D. Trends and Disparities in Cardiometabolic Health Among U.S. Adults, 1999-2018. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Jul 12;80(2):138-151. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.04.046. PMID: 35798448; PMCID: PMC10475326.

Pomeranz JL, Mozaffarian D. State Preemption of Consumer Merchandise and Beverage Containers: New Strategy to Preempt Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Policies? J Public Health Manag Pract. 2022 May-Jun 01;28(3):222-232. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000001462. PMID: 35045010; PMCID: PMC8957540.

Mozaffarian D. Perspective: Obesity-an unexplained epidemic. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022 Jun 7;115(6):1445-1450. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac075. PMID: 35460220; PMCID: PMC9170462.

Fretts AM, Hazen SL, Jensen P, et al. Association of Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Metabolites With Mortality in Older Adults. JAMA Network Open 2022;5:e2213242-e.

Lai HTM, Imamura F, Korat AVA, Murphy RA, Tintle N, Bassett JK, Chen J, Kröger J, Chien KL, Senn M, Wood AC, Forouhi NG, Schulze MB, Harris WS, Vasan RS, Hu F, Giles GG, Hodge A, Djousse L, Brouwer IA, Qian F, Sun Q, Wu JHY, Marklund M, Lemaitre RN, Siscovick DS, Fretts AM, Shadyab AH, Manson JE, Howard BV, Robinson JG, Wallace RB, Wareham NJ, Chen YI, Rotter JI, Tsai MY, Micha R, Mozaffarian D; Fatty Acids and Outcomes Research Consortium (FORCE). Trans Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: Pooled Analysis of 12 Prospective Cohort Studies in the Fatty Acids and Outcomes Research Consortium (FORCE). Diabetes Care. 2022 Apr 1;45(4):854-863. doi: 10.2337/dc21-1756. PMID: 35142845; PMCID: PMC9114723.

Liu J, Steele EM, Li Y, Karageorgou D, Micha R, Monteiro CA, Mozaffarian D. Consumption of Ultraprocessed Foods and Diet Quality Among U.S. Children and Adults. Am J Prev Med. 2022 Feb;62(2):252-264. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.08.014. Epub 2021 Nov 6. PMID: 34753645.

Mozaffarian D. Prescription ω-3 Therapy to Reduce Triglyceride Levels-A New Horizon for Cost-effective Therapy. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Feb 1;5(2):e2148191. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.48191. PMID: 35157063; PMCID: PMC10413389.

O’Hearn M, Gerber S, Cruz SM, Mozaffarian D. The time is ripe for ESG + Nutrition: evidence-based nutrition metrics for Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investing. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2022 Jan 24. doi: 10.1038/s41430-022-01075-9. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35075230.

Pomeranz JL, Cash SB, Springer M, Del Giudice IM, Mozaffarian D. Opportunities to address the failure of online food retailers to ensure access to required food labelling information in the USA. Public Health Nutr. 2022 Jan 24:1-9. doi: 10.1017/S1368980021004638. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35067257.

Shangguan S, Mozaffarian D, Sy S, Lee Y, Liu J, Wilde PE, Sharkey AL, Dowling EA, Marklund M, Abrahams-Gessel S, Gaziano TA, Micha R. Health Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Achieving the National Salt and Sugar Reduction Initiative Voluntary Sugar Reduction Targets in the United States: A Microsimulation Study. Circulation. 2021 Oct 26;144(17):1362-1376. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.053678. Epub 2021 Aug 27. PMID: 34445886; PMCID: PMC8555680.

Bhat S, Coyle DH, Trieu K, Neal B, Mozaffarian D, Marklund M, Wu JHY. Healthy Food Prescription Programs and their Impact on Dietary Behavior and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr. 2021 May 17:nmab039. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmab039. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33999108.

Liu J, Lee Y, Micha R, Li Y, Mozaffarian D. Trends in junk food consumption among US children and adults, 2001-2018. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 Sep 1;114(3):1039-1048. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab129. PMID: 34020459; PMCID: PMC8408879.

Peñalvo JL, Sagastume D, Mertens E, Uzhova I, Smith J, Wu JHY, Bishop E, Onopa J, Shi P, Micha R, Mozaffarian D. Effectiveness of workplace wellness programmes for dietary habits, overweight, and cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2021 Sep;6(9):e648-e660. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00140-7. PMID: 34454642; PMCID: PMC8627548.

Lemaitre RN, Jensen PN, Wang Z, et al. Association of Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Related Metabolites in Plasma and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: The Cardiovascular Health Study. JAMA Network Open 2021;4:e2122844-e.

Lee Y, Nemet I, Wang Z, et al. Longitudinal Plasma Measures of Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Events in Community-Based Older Adults. Journal of the American Heart Association 2021;10:e020646.

Mozaffarian D, Fleischhacker S, Andrés JR. Prioritizing Nutrition Security in the US. JAMA. 2021 Apr 27;325(16):1605-1606. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.1915. PMID: 33792612.

Liu J, Micha R, Li Y, Mozaffarian D. Trends in Food Sources and Diet Quality Among US Children and Adults, 2003-2018. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Apr 1;4(4):e215262. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.5262. PMID: 33844000; PMCID: PMC8042524.

Du M, Griecci CF, Cudhea FF, Eom H, Kim DD, Wilde P, Wong JB, Wang YC, Michaud DS, Mozaffarian D, Zhang F; Food-PRICE Project. Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Nutrition Facts Added-Sugar Labeling and Obesity-Associated Cancer Rates in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Apr 1;4(4):e217501. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.7501. PMID: 33904914; PMCID: PMC8080223.

O’Hearn M, Liu J, Cudhea F, Micha R, Mozaffarian D. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hospitalizations Attributable to Cardiometabolic Conditions in the United States: A Comparative Risk Assessment Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021 Feb;10(5):e019259. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.019259. Epub 2021 Feb 25. PMID: 33629868.

Petimar J, Moran AJ, Ramirez M, Block JP. A Natural Experiment to Evaluate the Nutritional Content of Restaurant Meal Purchases After Calorie Labeling. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2020 Dec;120(12):2039-2046. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2020.06.006. Epub 2020 Aug 29. PMID: 32868189; PMCID: PMC7686154.

Hager K, Mozaffarian D. The Promise and Uncertainty of Fruit and Vegetable Prescriptions in Health Care. J Nutr. 2020 Nov 19;150(11):2846-2848. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxaa283. PMID: 33021312; PMCID: PMC7675025.

Pomeranz JL, Huang Y, Mozaffarian D, Micha R. Legal Feasibility and Implementation of Federal Strategies for a National Retail-Based Fruit and Vegetable Subsidy Program in the United States. Milbank Q. 2020 Sep;98(3):775-801. doi: 10.1111/1468-0009.12461. Epub 2020 Jul 21. PMID: 32691937; PMCID: PMC7482389.

Du M, Griecci CF, Kim DD, Cudhea F, Ruan M, Eom H, Wong JB, Wilde PE, Michaud DS, Lee Y, Micha R, Mozaffarian D, Zhang FF. Cost-Effectiveness of a National Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax to Reduce Cancer Burdens and Disparities in the United States. JNCI Cancer Spectr. 2020 Aug 25;4(6):pkaa073. doi: 10.1093/jncics/pkaa073. PMID: 33409452; PMCID: PMC7771430.

El-Abbadi NH, Taylor SF, Micha R, Blumberg JB. Nutrient Profiling Systems, Front of Pack Labeling, and Consumer Behavior. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2020 Jun 18;22(8):36. doi: 10.1007/s11883-020-00857-5. PMID: 32556665.

Wu JHY, Micha R, Mozaffarian D. Dietary fats and cardiometabolic disease: mechanisms and effects on risk factors and outcomes. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019 Oct;16(10):581-601. doi: 10.1038/s41569-019-0206-1. PMID: 31097791.

Collins B, Kypridemos C, Pearson-Stuttard J, Huang Y, Bandosz P, Wilde P, Kersh R, Capewell S, Mozaffarian D, Whitsel LP, Micha R, O’Flaherty M; Food-PRICE Investigators. FDA Sodium Reduction Targets and the Food Industry: Are There Incentives to Reformulate? Microsimulation Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Milbank Q. 2019 Sep;97(3):858-880. doi: 10.1111/1468-0009.12402. Epub 2019 Jul 22. PMID: 31332837; PMCID: PMC6739614.

Zeng L, Ruan M, Liu J, Wilde P, Naumova EN, Mozaffarian D, Zhang FF. Trends in Processed Meat, Unprocessed Red Meat, Poultry, and Fish Consumption in the United States, 1999-2016. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2019 Jul;119(7):1085-1098.e12. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.04.004. PMID: 31234969; PMCID: PMC6689198.

Fang Fang Zhang, Frederick Cudhea, Zhilei Shan, Dominique S Michaud, Fumiaki Imamura, Heesun Eom, Mengyuan Ruan, Colin D Rehm, Junxiu Liu, Mengxi Du, David Kim, Lauren Lizewski, Parke Wilde, Dariush Mozaffarian, Preventable Cancer Burden Associated With Poor Diet in the United States, JNCI Cancer Spectrum, Volume 3, Issue 2, June 2019, pkz034, doi: 10.1093/jncics/pkz034

Mozaffarian D, Mande J, Micha R. Food Is Medicine—The Promise and Challenges of Integrating Food and Nutrition Into Health Care. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(6):793–795. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.0184

Lee Y, Mozaffarian D, Sy S, Huang Y, Liu J, Wilde PE, Abrahams-Gessel S, Jardim TSV, Gaziano TA, Micha R. Cost-effectiveness of financial incentives for improving diet and health through Medicare and Medicaid: A microsimulation study. PLoS Med. 2019 Mar 19;16(3):e1002761. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002761. PMID: 30889188; PMCID: PMC6424388.

Wilde P, Huang Y, Sy S, Abrahams-Gessel S, Jardim TV, Paarlberg R, Mozaffarian D, Micha R, Gaziano T. Cost-Effectiveness of a US National Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax With a Multistakeholder Approach: Who Pays and Who Benefits. Am J Public Health. 2019 Feb;109(2):276-284. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304803. Epub 2018 Dec 20. PMID: 30571305; PMCID: PMC6336039.

Shangguan S, Afshin A, Shulkin M, Ma W, Marsden D, Smith J, Saheb-Kashaf M, Shi P, Micha R, Imamura F, Mozaffarian D; Food PRICE (Policy Review and Intervention Cost-Effectiveness) Project. A Meta-Analysis of Food Labeling Effects on Consumer Diet Behaviors and Industry Practices. Am J Prev Med. 2019 Feb;56(2):300-314. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.09.024. Epub 2018 Dec 17. PMID: 30573335; PMCID: PMC6340779.

Mozaffarian D, Liu J, Sy S, Huang Y, Rehm C, Lee Y, Wilde P, Abrahams-Gessel S, de Souza Veiga Jardim T, Gaziano T, Micha R. Cost-effectiveness of financial incentives and disincentives for improving food purchases and health through the US Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): A microsimulation study. PLoS Med. 2018 Oct 2;15(10):e1002661. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002661. PMID: 30278053; PMCID: PMC6168180.

Wilde PE, Conrad Z, Rehm CD, Pomeranz JL, Penalvo JL, Cudhea F, Pearson-Stuttard J, O’Flaherty M, Micha R, Mozaffarian D. Reductions in national cardiometabolic mortality achievable by food price changes according to Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) eligibility and participation. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2018 Sep;72(9):817-824. doi: 10.1136/jech-2017-210381. Epub 2018 May 10. PMID: 29748418; PMCID: PMC6086736.

de Oliveira Otto MC, Lemaitre RN, Song X, King IB, Siscovick DS, Mozaffarian D. Serial measures of circulating biomarkers of dairy fat and total and cause-specific mortality in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018 Sep 1;108(3):476-484. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy117. Erratum in: Am J Clin Nutr. 2018 Sep 1;108(3):643. PMID: 30007304; PMCID: PMC6299165.

Rosettie KL, Micha R, Cudhea F, Peñalvo JL, O’Flaherty M, Pearson-Stuttard J, Economos CD, Whitsel LP, Mozaffarian D. Comparative risk assessment of school food environment policies and childhood diets, childhood obesity, and future cardiometabolic mortality in the United States. PLoS One. 2018 Jul 6;13(7):e0200378. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200378. PMID: 29979761; PMCID: PMC6034872.

de Oliveira Otto MC, Lemaitre RN, Sun Q, King IB, Wu JHY, Manichaikul A, Rich SS, Tsai MY, Chen YD, Fornage M, Weihua G, Aslibekyan S, Irvin MR, Kabagambe EK, Arnett DK, Jensen MK, McKnight B, Psaty BM, Steffen LM, Smith CE, Risérus U, Lind L, Hu FB, Rimm EB, Siscovick DS, Mozaffarian D. Genome-wide association meta-analysis of circulating odd-numbered chain saturated fatty acids: Results from the CHARGE Consortium. PLoS One. 2018 May 8;13(5):e0196951. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196951. PMID: 29738550; PMCID: PMC5940220.

Brown AGM, Houser RF, Mattei J, Rehm CD, Mozaffarian D, Lichtenstein AH, Folta SC. Diet quality among US-born and foreign-born non-Hispanic blacks: NHANES 2003-2012 data. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018 May 1;107(5):695-706. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy021. PMID: 29722843; PMCID: PMC6240153.

Pearson-Stuttard J, Kypridemos C, Collins B, Mozaffarian D, Huang Y, Bandosz P, Capewell S, Whitsel L, Wilde P, O’Flaherty M, Micha R. Estimating the health and economic effects of the proposed US Food and Drug Administration voluntary sodium reformulation: Microsimulation cost-effectiveness analysis. PLoS Med. 2018 Apr 10;15(4):e1002551. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002551. PMID: 29634725; PMCID: PMC5892867.

Micha R, Karageorgou D, Bakogianni I, Trichia E, Whitsel LP, Story M, Peñalvo JL, Mozaffarian D. Effectiveness of school food environment policies on children’s dietary behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018 Mar 29;13(3):e0194555. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194555. PMID: 29596440; PMCID: PMC5875768.

Brown AGM, Houser RF, Mattei J, Mozaffarian D, Lichtenstein AH, Folta SC. Hypertension among US-born and foreign-born non-Hispanic Blacks: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2014 data. J Hypertens. 2017 Dec;35(12):2380-2387. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001489. PMID: 28786859; PMCID: PMC6002771.

Peñalvo JL, Cudhea F, Micha R, Rehm CD, Afshin A, Whitsel L, Wilde P, Gaziano T, Pearson-Stuttard J, O’Flaherty M, Capewell S, Mozaffarian D. The potential impact of food taxes and subsidies on cardiovascular disease and diabetes burden and disparities in the United States. BMC Med. 2017 Nov 27;15(1):208. doi: 10.1186/s12916-017-0971-9. PMID: 29178869; PMCID: PMC5702980.

Pearson-Stuttard J, Bandosz P, Rehm CD, Afshin A, Peñalvo JL, Whitsel L, Danaei G, Micha R, Gaziano T, Lloyd-Williams F, Capewell S, Mozaffarian D, O’Flaherty M. Comparing effectiveness of mass media campaigns with price reductions targeting fruit and vegetable intake on US cardiovascular disease mortality and race disparities. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 Jul;106(1):199-206. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.143925. Epub 2017 May 31. PMID: 28566311; PMCID: PMC5486193.

Pearson-Stuttard J, Bandosz P, Rehm CD, Penalvo J, Whitsel L, Gaziano T, Conrad Z, Wilde P, Micha R, Lloyd-Williams F, Capewell S, Mozaffarian D, O’Flaherty M. Reducing US cardiovascular disease burden and disparities through national and targeted dietary policies: A modelling study. PLoS Med. 2017 Jun 6;14(6):e1002311. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002311. PMID: 28586351; PMCID: PMC5460790.

Micha R, Peñalvo JL, Cudhea F, Imamura F, Rehm CD, Mozaffarian D. Association Between Dietary Factors and Mortality From Heart Disease, Stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes in the United States. JAMA. 2017 Mar 7;317(9):912-924. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.0947. PMID: 28267855; PMCID: PMC5852674.

Conrad Z, Rehm CD, Wilde P, Mozaffarian D. Cardiometabolic Mortality by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participation and Eligibility in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2017 Mar;107(3):466-474. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303608. Epub 2017 Jan 19. PMID: 28103061; PMCID: PMC5296694.

Afshin A, Peñalvo JL, Del Gobbo L, Silva J, Michaelson M, O’Flaherty M, Capewell S, Spiegelman D, Danaei G, Mozaffarian D. The prospective impact of food pricing on improving dietary consumption: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017 Mar 1;12(3):e0172277. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172277. PMID: 28249003; PMCID: PMC5332034.

Mozaffarian D. Foods, nutrients, and health: when will our policies catch up with nutrition science? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017 Feb;5(2):85-88. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30265-0. Epub 2016 Oct 28. PMID: 28029535; PMCID: PMC6132234.

Webb M, Fahimi S, Singh GM, Khatibzadeh S, Micha R, Powles J, Mozaffarian D. Cost effectiveness of a government supported policy strategy to decrease sodium intake: global analysis across 183 nations. BMJ. 2017 Jan 10;356:i6699. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i6699. PMID: 28073749; PMCID: PMC5225236.

Afshin A, Babalola D, Mclean M, Yu Z, Ma W, Chen CY, Arabi M, Mozaffarian D. Information Technology and Lifestyle: A Systematic Evaluation of Internet and Mobile Interventions for Improving Diet, Physical Activity, Obesity, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016 Aug 31;5(9):e003058. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.003058. PMID: 27581172; PMCID: PMC5079005.

Rehm CD, Peñalvo JL, Afshin A, Mozaffarian D. Dietary Intake Among US Adults, 1999-2012. JAMA. 2016 Jun 21;315(23):2542-53. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.7491. PMID: 27327801; PMCID: PMC6287627.

Pearson-Stuttard J, Guzman-Castillo M, Penalvo JL, Rehm CD, Afshin A, Danaei G, Kypridemos C, Gaziano T, Mozaffarian D, Capewell S, O’Flaherty M. Modeling Future Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in the United States: National Trends and Racial and Ethnic Disparities. Circulation. 2016 Mar 8;133(10):967-78. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.019904. Epub 2016 Feb 4. PMID: 26846769; PMCID: PMC4783256.

Mozaffarian D. Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review. Circulation. 2016 Jan 12;133(2):187-225. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018585. PMID: 26746178; PMCID: PMC4814348.

Afshin A, Penalvo J, Del Gobbo L, Kashaf M, Micha R, Morrish K, Pearson-Stuttard J, Rehm C, Shangguan S, Smith JD, Mozaffarian D. CVD Prevention Through Policy: a Review of Mass Media, Food/Menu Labeling, Taxation/Subsidies, Built Environment, School Procurement, Worksite Wellness, and Marketing Standards to Improve Diet. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2015 Nov;17(11):98. doi: 10.1007/s11886-015-0658-9. PMID: 26370554; PMCID: PMC4569662.

Smith JD, Hou T, Hu FB, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Mozaffarian D. A Comparison of Different Methods for Evaluating Diet, Physical Activity, and Long-Term Weight Gain in 3 Prospective Cohort Studies. J Nutr. 2015 Nov;145(11):2527-34. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.214171. Epub 2015 Sep 16. PMID: 26377763; PMCID: PMC4620721.

Mozaffarian D, Ludwig DS. The 2015 US Dietary Guidelines: Lifting the Ban on Total Dietary Fat. JAMA. 2015 Jun 23-30;313(24):2421-2. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.5941. PMID: 26103023; PMCID: PMC6129189.

Smith JD, Hou T, Ludwig DS, Rimm EB, Willett W, Hu FB, Mozaffarian D. Changes in intake of protein foods, carbohydrate amount and quality, and long-term weight change: results from 3 prospective cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Jun;101(6):1216-24. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.100867. Epub 2015 Apr 8. PMID: 25854882; PMCID: PMC4441808.

Mozaffarian D, Rogoff KS, Ludwig DS. Taxes and subsidies to improve diet–reply. JAMA. 2015 Jan 20;313(3):308. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.15641. PMID: 25602978.

Mozaffarian D, Rogoff KS, Ludwig DS. The real cost of food: can taxes and subsidies improve public health? JAMA. 2014 Sep 3;312(9):889-90. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.8232. PMID: 25182094; PMCID: PMC6129188.